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1 it's of his own devising
Общая лексика: он сам это придумал, он это сам придумал, это его выдумкаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > it's of his own devising
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2 devising
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3 devising
[dıʹvaızıŋ] nпридумываниеit's of his own devising - он сам это придумал, это его выдумка
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4 devising
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > devising
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5 devise
B vtr1 ( invent) concevoir [scheme, course] ; inventer [product, machine] ; his problems are (entirely) of his own devising c'est lui qui crée ses propres problèmes ;2 Jur léguer [land, property] ;3 Theat écrire [qch] en groupe. -
6 devise
devise [dɪˈvaɪz][+ scheme, style] concevoir ; [+ plotline] imaginer* * *[dɪ'vaɪz]transitive verb1) ( invent) concevoir [scheme, course]; inventer [product, machine]2) Theatre écrire [quelque chose] en groupe -
7 Bramah, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Public utilities[br]b. 2 April 1749 Stainborough, Yorkshire, Englandd. 9 December 1814 Pimlico, London, England[br]English inventor of the second patented water-closet, the beer-engine, the Bramah lock and, most important, the hydraulic press.[br]Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.[br]Bibliography1778, British patent no. 1177 (water-closet). 1784, British patent no. 1430 (Bramah Lock). 1795, British patent no. 2045 (hydraulic press). 1809, British patent no. 3260 (fountain pen). 1812, British patent no. 3611.Further ReadingI.McNeil, 1968, Joseph Bramah, a Century of Invention.S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography.H.W.Dickinson, 1942, "Joseph Bramah and his inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22:169–86.IMcN -
8 Tennant, Charles
[br]b. 3 May 1768 Ochiltree, Ayrshire, Scotlandd. 1 October 1838 Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of bleaching powder.[br]After education at the local school, Tennant went to Kilbachan to learn the manufacture of silk. He then went on to Wellmeadow, where he acquired a knowledge of the old bleaching process, which enabled him to establish his own bleachfield at Darnly. The process consisted of boiling the fabric in weak alkali and then laying it flat on the ground to expose it to sun and air for several months. This process, expensive in time and space, would have formed an intolerable bottleneck in the rapidly expanding textile industry, but a new method was on the way. The French chemist Berthollet demonstrated in 1786 the use of chlorine as a bleaching agent and James Watt learned of this while on a visit to Paris. On his return to Glasgow, Watt passed details of the new process on to Tennant, who set about devising his own version of it. First he obtained a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine through a stirred mixture of lime and water. He was granted a patent for this process in 1798, but it was promptly infringed by bleachers in Lancashire. Tennant's efforts to enforce the patent were unsuccessful as it was alleged that others had employed a similar process some years previously. Nevertheless, the Lancashire bleachers had the good grace to present Tennant with a service of plate in recognition of the benefits he had brought to the industry.In 1799 Tennant improved on his process by substituting dry slaked lime for the liquid, to form bleaching powder. This was patented the same year and proved to be a vital element in the advance of the textile industry. The following year, Tennant established his chemical plant at St Roll ox, outside Glasgow, to manufacture bleaching powder and alkali substances. The plant prospered and became for a time the largest chemical works in Europe.[br]Further ReadingL.F.Haber, 1958, The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century, London: Oxford University Press.F.S.Taylor, 1957, A History of Industrial Chemistry, London: Heinemann.Walker, 1862, Memoirs of Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain Living in 1807– 1808, London, p. 186.LRD -
9 Mitscherlich, Alexander
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 28 May 1836 Berlin, Germanyd. 31 May 1918 Oberstdorf, Germany[br]German inventor of sulphite wood pulp for papermaking.[br]Mitscherlich had an impeccable scientific background; his father was the celebrated chemist Eilhardt Mitscherlich, discoverer of the law of isomorphism, and his godfather was Alexander von Humboldt. At first his progress at school failed to live up to this auspicious beginning and his father would only sanction higher studies if he first qualified as a teacher so as to assure a means of livelihood. Alexander rose to the occasion and went on to gain his doctorate at the age of 25 in the field of mineralogical chemistry. He worked for a few years as Assistant to the distinguished chemists Wöhler in Göttingen and Wurtz in Paris. On his father's death in 1863, he succeeded him as teacher of chemistry in the University of Berlin. In 1868 he accepted a post in the newly established Forest Academy in Hannoversch-Munden, teaching chemistry, physics and geology. The post offered little financial advantage, but it left him more time for research. It was there that he invented the process for producing sulphite wood pulp.The paper industry was seeking new raw materials. Since the 1840s pulp had been produced mechanically from wood, but it was unsuitable for making fine papers. From the mid-1860s several chemists began tackling the problem of separating the cellulose fibres from the other constituents of wood by chemical means. The American Benjamin C.Tilghman was granted patents in several countries for the treatment of wood with acid or bisulphite. Carl Daniel Ekman in Sweden and Karl Kellner in Austria also made sulphite pulp, but the credit for devising the process that came into general use belongs to Mitscherlich. His brother Oskar came to him at the Academy with plans for producing pulp by the action of soda, but the results were inferior, so Mitscherlich substituted calcium bisulphite and in the laboratory obtained good results. To extend this to a large-scale process, he was forced to set up his own mill, where he devised the characteristic towers for making the calcium bisulphite, in which water trickling down through packed lime met a rising current of sulphur dioxide. He was granted a patent in Luxembourg in 1874 and a German one four years later. The sulphite process did not make him rich, for there was considerable opposition to it; government objected to the smell of sulphur dioxide, forestry authorities were anxious about the inroads that might be made into the forests and his patents were contested. In 1883, with the support of an inheritance from his mother, Mitscherlich resigned his post at the Academy to devote more time to promoting his invention. In 1897 he at last succeeded in settling the patent disputes and achieving recognition as the inventor of sulphite pulp. Without this raw material, the paper industry could never have satisfied the insatiable appetite of the newspaper presses.[br]Further ReadingH.Voorn "Alexander Mitscherlich, inventor of sulphite wood pulp", Paper Maker 23(1): 41–4.LRDBiographical history of technology > Mitscherlich, Alexander
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10 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 February 1808 Copperhurst Farm, near Hythe, Kent, Englandd. 12 February 1874 South Kensington, London, England[br]English inventor of the screw propeller.[br]Smith was the only son of Charles Smith, Postmaster at Hythe, and his wife Sarah (née Pettit). After education at a private school in Ashford, Kent, he took to farming, first on Romney Marsh, then at Hendon, Middlesex. As a boy, he showed much skill in the construction of model boats, especially in devising their means of propulsion. He maintained this interest into adult life and in 1835 he made a model propelled by a screw driven by a spring. This worked so well that he became convinced that the screw propeller offered a better method of propulsion than the paddle wheels that were then in general use. This notion so fired his enthusiasm that he virtually gave up farming to devote himself to perfecting his invention. The following year he produced a better model, which he successfully demonstrated to friends on his farm at Hendon and afterwards to the public at the Adelaide Gallery in London. On 31 May 1836 Smith was granted a patent for the propulsion of vessels by means of a screw.The idea of screw propulsion was not new, however, for it had been mooted as early as the seventeenth century and since then several proposals had been advanced, but without successful practical application. Indeed, simultaneously but quite independently of Smith, the Swedish engineer John Ericsson had invented the ship's propeller and obtained a patent on 13 July 1836, just weeks after Smith. But Smith was completely unaware of this and pursued his own device in the belief that he was the sole inventor.With some financial and technical backing, Smith was able to construct a 10 ton boat driven by a screw and powered by a steam engine of about 6 hp (4.5 kW). After showing it off to the public, Smith tried it out at sea, from Ramsgate round to Dover and Hythe, returning in stormy weather. The screw performed well in both calm and rough water. The engineering world seemed opposed to the new method of propulsion, but the Admiralty gave cautious encouragement in 1839 by ordering that the 237 ton Archimedes be equipped with a screw. It showed itself superior to the Vulcan, one of the fastest paddle-driven ships in the Navy. The ship was put through its paces in several ports, including Bristol, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was constructing his Great Britain, the first large iron ocean-going vessel. Brunel was so impressed that he adapted his ship for screw propulsion.Meanwhile, in spite of favourable reports, the Admiralty were dragging their feet and ordered further trials, fitting Smith's four-bladed propeller to the Rattler, then under construction and completed in 1844. The trials were a complete success and propelled their lordships of the Admiralty to a decision to equip twenty ships with screw propulsion, under Smith's supervision.At last the superiority of screw propulsion was generally accepted and virtually universally adopted. Yet Smith gained little financial reward for his invention and in 1850 he retired to Guernsey to resume his farming life. In 1860 financial pressures compelled him to accept the position of Curator of Patent Models at the Patent Museum in South Kensington, London, a post he held until his death. Belated recognition by the Government, then headed by Lord Palmerston, came in 1855 with the grant of an annual pension of £200. Two years later Smith received unofficial recognition when he was presented with a national testimonial, consisting of a service of plate and nearly £3,000 in cash subscribed largely by the shipbuilding and engineering community. Finally, in 1871 Smith was honoured with a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1871.Further ReadingObituary, 1874, Illustrated London News (7 February).1856, On the Invention and Progress of the Screw Propeller, London (provides biographical details).Smith and his invention are referred to in papers in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 14 (1934): 9; 19 (1939): 145–8, 155–7, 161–4, 237–9.LRDBiographical history of technology > Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
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11 composition
ˌkɔmpəˈzɪʃən сущ.
1) а) составление, образование, построение;
сочинение( какого-л. произведения) The composition of the report took two months. ≈ Составление отчета заняло два месяца. б) композиция, компоновка ∙ Syn: combination, formation, constitution, construction, composing, forming, creation, framing, shaping, fashioning, preparation, devising, compilation, making up в) линг. словосложение
2) а) структура, композиция The elements of heroism and romance enter largely into the composition of the narrative. ≈ Элементы героического и романтического в сильной степени проникают в композицию рассказа. The composition of the painting is very graceful. ≈ Композиция картины весьма изящна. Syn: structure, design
1., configuration, arrangement, form
1., organization, framework, layout б) структура, состав;
смесь, соединение, сплав Scientists study the composition of the soil. ≈ Ученые исследуют состав почвы. The composition of brass includes copper and zinc. ≈ Сплав желтой меди включает медь и цинк. Syn: make-up, constitution, combination
3) склад ума, характер Persons who have a touch of madness in their composition. (Jowett) ≈ Люди, в характере которых есть некоторый налет безумия.
4) а) литературное произведение, музыкальное произведение, произведение изобразительного искусства The orchestra played a modern composition. ≈ Оркестр играл современную пьесу. б) сочинение, композиция (в школе и т. п.) ∙ Syn: work
1., opus, piece
1., creation;
concoction, production, product, exercise
1., essay
1.
5) а) компромисс, соглашение Syn: compromise
1. б) юр. компромиссное соглашение должника с кредиторами в) воен. соглашение о перемирии, о прекращении военных действий
6) полигр. набор составление, построение;
соединение сочинение (произведения) ;
- he played a piano sonata of his own * он сыграл фортепианную сонату своего собственного сочинения (грамматика) производство, составление сложных слов (полиграфия) набор музыкальное сочинение, произведение;
литературное произведение;
произведение изобразительного искусства школьное, учебное сочинение;
- I wrote a * about ny dog я написал сочинение о своей собаке курс литературной композиции;
- * classes занятия по письменной практике;
- a year of English * годичный курс литературной композиции на английском языке композиция;
- the * of a picture композиция картины;
- the * of speech построение речи склад (ума) ;
- not a spark of generosity in his * он по натуре совсем не щедр;
- he has a touch of madness in his * в его характере есть что-то безумное;
он немного тронутый состав, структура;
- * of a ministry состав министерства (спортивное) состав команды состав (химический) ;
- * of a medicine состав лекарства (специальное) смесь, сплав;
- * material( специальное) композит, композиционный материал агрегат;
составные части соглашение о перемирии или о прекращении военных действий (юридическое) компромиссное соглашение должника с кредитором age ~ возрастной состав cold ~ полигр. машинописный набор cold ~ фотонабор composition агрегат ~ композиция, компоновка ~ композиция ~ юр. компромиссное соглашение должника с кредиторами ~ компромиссное соглашение должника с кредитором ~ литературное или музыкальное произведение ~ полигр. набор ~ построение ~ склад ума, характер;
he has a touch of madness in his composition он "тронулся", он не в своем уме ~ соглашение;
компромисс ~ воен. соглашение о перемирии, о прекращении военных действий ~ соглашение о перемирии ~ соглашение о перемирии или о прекращении военных действий ~ соединение, смесь, сплав;
composition of forces физ. сложение сил ~ соединение ~ состав (химический) ;
составные части ~ состав, структура ~ состав ~ составление, образование, построение;
лингв. словосложение ~ составление, соединение ~ составление ~ строение ~ структура, состав ~ формирование ~ школьное сочинение ~ attr.: ~ book амер. тетрадь для упражнений ~ attr.: ~ book амер. тетрадь для упражнений ~ in bankruptcy признание банкротства ~ in bankruptcy соглашение о несостоятельности ~ of balances структура баланса ~ of costs структура затрат ~ соединение, смесь, сплав;
composition of forces физ. сложение сил ~ of functions композиция функций ~ of lots состав партий товара ~ of portfolio состав портфеля заказов compulsory ~ принудительное компромиссное соглашение должника с кредитором file ~ вчт. формирование файла ~ склад ума, характер;
he has a touch of madness in his composition он "тронулся", он не в своем уме make a ~ заключать компромиссное соглашение между должником и кредитором make a ~ заключать соглашение о перемирии portfolio ~ структура портфеля активов program ~ вчт. составление программы system ~ вчт. устройство системы voluntary ~ добровольное компромиссное соглашение должника с кредиторами voluntary ~ добровольный составБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > composition
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